{"id":1927,"date":"2019-01-22T14:48:08","date_gmt":"2019-01-22T13:48:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\/de\/?p=1927"},"modified":"2018-12-04T10:09:36","modified_gmt":"2018-12-04T09:09:36","slug":"democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\/de\/democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration\/","title":{"rendered":"Democracy Promotion under the current US Administration"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dieser Wire-Beitrag ist Teil unserer EDP Wire Series f\u00fcr die wir w\u00f6chentlich Beitr\u00e4ge aus unserem gemeinsamen EDP Policy Paper<\/a> ver\u00f6ffentlichen. In den n\u00e4chsten Wochen werden wir\u00a0 weitere Fragen dazu beantworten, wie Demokratief\u00f6rderer und Akteure in verschiedenen Weltregionen mit Erfolgen und Scheitern von Demokratief\u00f6rderungsaktivit\u00e4ten umgehen. Diese Woche legt Annika ihren Schwerpunkt auf den zweiten Hauptakteur bezogen auf internationale Demokratief\u00f6rderung: die Demokratief\u00f6rderungspolitik der Vereinten Staaten und ihrer derzeitigen Regierung. Sie argumentiert, dass Demokratief\u00f6rderungsbem\u00fchungen der USA momentan in einer Klemme stecken, zumal Trump einen Tiefpunkt f\u00fcr die Glaubw\u00fcrdigkeit der USA in Sachen Demokratie darstellt.<\/em><\/p>\n

Status Quo<\/h2>\n

Democracy promotion has been at the core of US foreign policy strategy since the end of the Cold War, when it became a cornerstone of the National Security Strategy. Democracy promotion, according to the widely shared and regularly articulated conviction in the foreign policy elite, would bring numerous economic, security, and normative benefits for everyone involved and is also the morally right thing to do. While the (until recently) unquestioned rhetorical commitment to democracy promotion delimits what is considered normatively appropriate foreign policy behavior for the declared \u2018champion of democracy\u2019 and while this policy has an important function for generating consensus and affirming national identity, democracy promotion practice has always lagged far behind the rhetoric.[1]<\/sup><\/a> After over one year in office, it has become clear that presidential candidate Trump\u2019s lack of interest in and disdain for democracy promotion has indeed persisted in office. His secretaries of state so far have also not been inclined to assume leadership on behalf of democracy. Considering that President Trump has vowed to cut democracy promotion efforts on all fronts, the signs point towards significant changes to democracy promotion strategically and operationally. In terms of budgetary changes, for example, Trump has attempted significant cutbacks \u2013 which have, however, so far been successfully averted by Congress.[2]<\/a> And while he has already severely damaged US credibility as \u2018democracy promoter in chief,\u2019 it is not yet clear how much the overall policy, which is borne by numerous agencies and actors inside and outside the government (\u2018US democracy promotion industry\u2019), will be affected.<\/p>\n

Challenges<\/h2>\n

It is certainly not the Trump administration that is responsible for the trouble that US democracy promotion is in. US democracy promotion has been challenged on different fronts for two decades now. Beyond the challenges identified in the introduction to this report, two things need to be considered for the United States specifically: (1) US credibility as the democracy promoter on the world stage has suffered severely over the past two decades. Selective and often halfhearted engagement for democracy abroad as well as President Bush\u2019s labeling of US interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq as democracy promotion have tarnished the policy in the eyes of many observers. Perhaps just as important, internal developments \u2013 the curtailment of basic rights, the use of torture, the sometimes chaotic US political process that puts democratic institutions in doubt \u2013 have contributed to a dimming of the American torch of democracy. Moreover, (2) isolationist tendencies, always simmering in the background in the political process, as well as the notion that democracy promotion is irrelevant for US \u201chard interests\u201d has found a new outlet in the Trump administration.<\/p>\n

President Trump is deepening these troubles but, overall, his administration should be viewed less as a cause but more as a symptom of the problems democracy (promotion) is facing. From the perspective of those favoring active engagement on behalf of democracy worldwide, the list of grievances is long: from the beginning of his candidacy, Trump has questioned the premises of democracy promotion that have reliably shaped US post-Cold War thinking on this policy. Most prominently, Trump criticized US foreign policy as being based on \u201cthe dangerous idea that we could make Western democracies out of countries that had no experience or interest in becoming a Western democracy,\u201d thus giving rise to a policy that was arrogant, illogical, and has contributed to strengthening ISIS.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Highly unconventional for an American president (to be), Trump openly questioned democracy\u2019s universal appeal.[4]<\/a> He also repeatedly pointed out that the United States was a bad messenger as its own democracy had derailed.[5]<\/a> It was no surprise then when the president, once in office, made no senior-level appointments of people with a clear pro-democracy record, or when he and his Secretary of State tried to slash the budget for democracy and governance \u2013 so far with little success.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trump clearly represents a low point for US credibility on the matter of democracy. His openly expressed doubts about democratic institutions, his hesitance in unequivocally distancing himself from violence, his attacks on independent media, and his willing and open (rhetorical) embrace of authoritarian leaders have yielded comparisons with an authoritarian style.[7]<\/a> Trump\u2019s openly expressed racism and sexism and his defaming of entire populations and the religion of Islam have further clouded the image of a potentially shining example of democratic leadership. Moreover, with very few exceptions, he and his team have avoided talking about democracy (promotion) and human rights whenever possible, most prominently in the recent National Security Strategy. These seemingly minor issues are far from irrelevant. Autocratic leaders as well as pro-democracy activists all over the world are reading the signs and are adjusting their behavior accordingly. Increasingly repressive governments as diverse as Cambodia, Egypt, Honduras, and Hungary have felt emboldened by the new administration\u2019s reservations in connection with democracy and have stepped up anti-democratic rhetoric and, in part, also anti-democratic measures.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

When making any predictions about US democracy promotion policy in the future, it is important to keep in mind that the president and cabinet is just one player among several in the US foreign policy elite. It is safe to say that US democracy promotion is unlikely to disappear from the world stage entirely, because of a deeply entrenched democracy promotion bureaucracy and many very committed individuals, among them top diplomats as well as a Congress which has in the past often pushed the administration in the direction of strengthening this policy.[9]<\/a> While presidential neglect and rhetorical sabotage are indeed damaging US democracy promotion efforts and should be taken seriously, it would take a much more concerted effort to purge the issue from US foreign policy. The White House, however, currently cares too little about democracy promotion and is too chaotic to form a clear strategy in either direction. In the light of this as well as the well-entrenched bureaucracy, for the time being \u201cdemocracy promotion schemes continue on autopilot in many countries, shielded by multi-year budgets.\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

It is possible that the administration intends to reframe democracy promotion as a strategic tool against US \u201cenemies,\u201d thus using it to target hostile autocratic regimes in order to effect regime change.[11]<\/a> This would build on the current tendency to more or less openly use democracy promotion \u2013 if addressed at all \u2013 for the pursuance of hard interests, especially security and counterterrorism. The administration might yet revive this \u2018radical\u2019 and highly controversial dimension of President Bush\u2019s Freedom Agenda.[12]<\/a> It is also noteworthy that, in specific instances, democracy and human rights are still being used as policy lever; for example and to the surprise of many observers, the Trump administration recently withheld a significant amount of promised foreign aid to Egypt, citing the country\u2019s poor human rights record as one reason.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

Recommendations<\/h2>\n

Overall, this means that the champion of democracy has become a wobbly candidate. With top level rhetorical support basically nonexistent, it is unclear how well lower-level democracy promotion efforts can continue \u2013 but continue, in one form or another, they will. What does this probably mean for US democracy promotion policy as well as for international democracy promotion actors? Should the administration maintain its lack of interest in and even disdain for democracy promotion in general, this would bode ill for US democracy promotion as we know it. That, however, may not be an exclusively negative development. Inasmuch as this policy can be regarded as mostly a farce anyway, it might be argued that the Trump administration is now at least closing the gap between \u201cwords\u201d and \u201cdeeds\u201d in this already much criticized policy area, and that US democracy promotion has done much harm anyway \u2013 in light of its narrow conception and often a-political\/uncritical foundations. Revisiting these foundations and becoming more open to democracy\u2019s diverse faces would certainly do the whole policy endeavor some good \u2013 but is not to be expected from the new administration and instead will have to come from more operational actors. Restoring US credibility and \u201cliving by example\u201d as much as that is possible is certainly good advice. More importantly, the United States should refrain from too closely linking the policy to counterterrorism in general and avoid labeling any military action as democracy promotion in particular.<\/p>\n

Other pro-democracy actors should become accustomed to the lack of vocal US government support \u2013 and, ideally, use this to their own advantage. There is a chance to fill the existing vacuum, ideally by offering less top-down, more genuinely demand-driven support. Currently, other state actors do not seem to be eager to fill this void. The future in this regard might indeed belong to smaller, non-governmental entities, perhaps even new organizational forms. A focus on low-key, small-scale efforts carried out in a cooperative manner seems to be the way forward. Should the United States indeed attempt to turn democracy promotion into a strategy against what it considers problematic authoritarian regimes, international actors should try to oppose that in order to avoid further harm to democracy promotion in general. In either case, pro-democratic actors need to realign, but the US should not take the vocal or visible lead.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Annika Elena Poppe 2010: Whither to, Obama? U.S. Democracy Promotion after the Cold War, PRIF Report No. 96, Frankfurt\/M, https:\/\/www.hsfk.de\/fileadmin\/HSFK\/hsfk_downloads\/prif96.pdf<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Andrew Miller\/Todd Ruffner 2018: President Trump\u2019s Second Foreign Affairs Budget, POMED Report June 2018, https:\/\/pomed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/BudgetReportFY19_Digital.pdf<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cTrump on Foreign Policy\u201d, 27 April 2016, http:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/feature\/trump-foreign-policy-15960?page=show<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cTrump fires up crowd with attack on Clinton’s ‚disqualifying conduct\u201d, 6 September 2016, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2016\/sep\/06\/donald-trump-rally-greenville-north-carolina-clinton-attack<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cTranscript: Donald Trump on NATO, Turkey\u2019s Coup Attempt and the World\u201d, 21 July 2016, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/07\/22\/us\/politics\/donald-trump-foreign-policy-interview.html<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 See Miller\/ Ruffner 2018 (footnote 33).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Steven Levitsky\/Daniel Ziblatt 2016: \u201cIs Donald Trump a Threat to Democracy?\u201d 16 December 2016, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/16\/opinion\/sunday\/is-donald-trump-a-threat-to-democracy.html.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cDonald Trump\u2019s Administration is Promoting Democracy and Human Rights\u201d, 6 December 2017, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/united-states\/21732074-fortunately-he-has-yet-notice-donald-trumps-administration-promoting-democracy-and; Thomas Carothers: \u201cDemocracy Promotion under Trump: What Has Been Lost? What Remains?\u201d, 6 September 2017, http:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2017\/09\/06\/democracy-promotion-under-trump-what-has-been-lost-what-remains-pub-73021.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 See Carothers 2017 (footnote 39).<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 See the Economist (footnote 39).<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Nicolas Bouchet: \u201cThe Trump Administration and Democracy Promotion: Thinking about Regime Change?\u201d, 3 November 2017, http:\/\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\/trump-administration-democracy-promotion-thinking-regime-change\/; Carothers 2017 (footnote 39).<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oz Hassan 2013: Constructing America\u2019s Freedom Agenda for the Middle East. Democracy and Domination. Annika Elena Poppe 2017: Recalibrating the Interest-Values-Nexus. US Democracy Promotion in the Middle East, in: Orient, 58: 2, 15\u201322.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 See Carothers 2017 (footnote 39).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Diese Woche legt Annika ihren Schwerpunkt auf den zweiten Hauptakteur bezogen auf internationale Demokratief\u00f6rderung: die Demokratief\u00f6rderungspolitik der Vereinten Staaten und ihrer derzeitigen Regierung. Sie argumentiert, dass Demokratief\u00f6rderungsbem\u00fchungen der USA momentan in einer Klemme stecken, zumal Trump einen Tiefpunkt f\u00fcr die Glaubw\u00fcrdigkeit der USA in Sachen Demokratie darstellt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-edp-wire"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDemocracy Promotion under the current US Administration - EDP Netzwerk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Diese Woche legt Annika ihren Schwerpunkt auf den zweiten Hauptakteur bezogen auf internationale Demokratief\u00f6rderung: die Demokratief\u00f6rderungspolitik der Vereinten Staaten und ihrer derzeitigen Regierung. Sie argumentiert, dass Demokratief\u00f6rderungsbem\u00fchungen der USA momentan in einer Klemme stecken, zumal Trump einen Tiefpunkt f\u00fcr die Glaubw\u00fcrdigkeit der USA in Sachen Demokratie darstellt.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\/de\/democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Democracy Promotion under the current US Administration - EDP Netzwerk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Diese Woche legt Annika ihren Schwerpunkt auf den zweiten Hauptakteur bezogen auf internationale Demokratief\u00f6rderung: die Demokratief\u00f6rderungspolitik der Vereinten Staaten und ihrer derzeitigen Regierung. Sie argumentiert, dass Demokratief\u00f6rderungsbem\u00fchungen der USA momentan in einer Klemme stecken, zumal Trump einen Tiefpunkt f\u00fcr die Glaubw\u00fcrdigkeit der USA in Sachen Demokratie darstellt.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\/de\/democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EDP Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-22T13:48:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"redaktion\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"redaktion\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9\u00a0Minuten\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\\\/de\\\/democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\\\/de\\\/democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"redaktion\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\\\/de\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d31e00ee83784377361c70f7f3c1d1bf\"},\"headline\":\"Democracy Promotion under the current US Administration\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-01-22T13:48:08+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\\\/de\\\/democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1841,\"articleSection\":[\"EDP Wire\"],\"inLanguage\":\"de\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\\\/de\\\/democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\\\/de\\\/democracy-promotion-under-the-current-us-administration\\\/\",\"name\":\"Democracy Promotion under the current US Administration - EDP Netzwerk\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\\\/de\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-01-22T13:48:08+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.external-democracy-promotion.eu\\\/de\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d31e00ee83784377361c70f7f3c1d1bf\"},\"description\":\"Diese Woche legt Annika ihren Schwerpunkt auf den zweiten Hauptakteur bezogen auf internationale Demokratief\u00f6rderung: die Demokratief\u00f6rderungspolitik der Vereinten Staaten und ihrer derzeitigen Regierung. 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